The “gradient of publicness”: A framework for Public AI

mitations to building fully Public AI. This framework maps AI interventions along a continuum – from fully public to fully private – based on their attributes (e.g. accessibility, openness, interoperability), functions (e.g. enabling social or economic goals) and modes of control (e.g. democratic governance and accountability). It serves as both a diagnostic and strategic tool for assessing where an intervention falls along this continuum, and for identifying interventions that could strengthen its public value.